"The friendly ethnographer" – Ethnographers operate under the assumption that they should not dislike anyone. In his fieldwork, Geertz used elements of a phenomenological approach, tracing not just the doings of people, but the cultural elements themselves. Secondary research and document analysis are also used to provide insight into the research topic. Languages spoken, dialects, and the history of language change are another group of standard topics. Ethnographic studies need to be evaluated in some manner. Therefore, it is unethical for a researcher to report fairness in findings. [36] Often this type of research results in a case study or field study such as an analysis of speech patterns at a protest rally, or the way firemen communicate during "down time" at a fire station. As ethnography developed, anthropologists grew more interested in less tangible aspects of culture, such as values, worldview and what Clifford Geertz termed the "ethos" of the culture. Reflexivity refers to the researcher's aim "to explore the ways in which [the] researcher's involvement with a particular study influences, acts upon and informs such research". When ethnographers find they intensely dislike individuals encountered in the research, they may crop them out of the findings. [9] A modern example of this technology in application, is the use of captured audio in smart devices, transcribed to issue targeted adverts (often reconciled vs other metadata, or product development data for designers.[10]. [46] The eight-page code of ethics outlines ethical considerations for those conducting Research, Teaching, Application and Dissemination of Results, which are briefly outlined below.[47]. This often gives the perception of trying to answer the "why" and "how come" questions of human communication. Erickson, Ken C. and Donald D. Stull (1997). [45] The Association acknowledges that the code is limited in scope; ethnographic work can sometimes be multidisciplinary, and anthropologists need to be familiar with ethics and perspectives of other disciplines as well. Herodotus, known as the Father of History, had significant works on the cultures of various peoples beyond the Hellenic realm such as the Scythians, which earned him the title "philobarbarian", and may be said to have produced the first works of ethnography. Modern developments in computing power and AI have enabled higher efficiencies in ethnographic data collection via multimedia and computational analysis using machine learning to corroborate many data sources together to produce a refined output for various purposes. This paper notes that, in the field of education and beyond, the term ‘ethnography’ has acquired a range of meanings, and comes in many different versions, these often reflecting sharply divergent orientations. The term ethnography has come to be equated with virtually any qualitative research project where the intent is to provide a detailed, in-depth description of everyday life and practice. Link the group's symbols and their meanings with the social relationships. Ethnography definition is - the study and systematic recording of human cultures; also : a descriptive work produced from such research. As ethnographers' skills in observation and collection of data vary by individual, what is depicted in ethnography can never be the whole picture. In the 1980s, the rhetoric of ethnography was subjected to intense scrutiny within the discipline, under the general influence of literary theory and post-colonial/post-structuralist thought. Ethnography, by virtue of its intersubjective nature, is necessarily comparative. interpretive ethnography, describing what is meaningful to natives; thick description. ethnographies as texts, or literary creations, entirely constructed. Since 1940 there has been a…. Ethnographic research originated in the field of anthropology, and it often involved an anthropologist living with an isolated tribal community for an extended period of time in order to understand their culture. Mills, G. Durepos, & E. Wiebe (Eds.). He claims, "Ethnographers cannot help but lie, but in lying, we reveal truths that escape those who are not so bold". Given that the anthropologist in the field necessarily retains certain cultural biases, his observations and descriptions must, to a certain degree, be comparative. Ethnographers can ever really get to reality is an `` active member '' affects extent... Today place a high value on doing ethnographic research in non-Western societies.! Why ethnography is a qualitative research method central to knowing the world the! Of this referred to as an ethnography is ethically problematic factor has a. 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