Sounding rockets and rocket-powered aircraft can reach the mesosphere. This cycling of water is intimately linked with energy exchanges among the atmosphere, ocean, and land that determine the Earth's climate and cause much of natural climate variability. 4.The release of water by plants is called ____. The returning water falls directly back into the oceans, or onto land as snow or rain. Processes labeled include: precipitation, condensation, evaporation, evaportranspiration (from tree into atmosphere), radiative exchange, surface runoff, ground water and stream flow, infiltration, percolation and soil moisture. The very scarce water vapor present at the top of the mesosphere forms noctilucent clouds, the highest clouds in Earth’s atmosphere, which can be seen by the naked eye under certain conditions and at certain times of day. Generalized model of the thermohaline circulation: 'Global Conveyor Belt' This illustration shows cold deep high salinity currents circulating from the north Atlantic Ocean to the southern Atlantic Ocean and east to the Indian Ocean. Answers (2) Jediah 14 April, 16:46. In general, latitude zones dominated by precipitation have low SSS and those dominated by high evaporation have high SSS. Much of this radiation is absorbed by the Earth's surface and re-emitted as invisible heat rays. ADVERTISEMENTS: The word ‘water balance’ was first of all used in 1944 by the famous meteorological and climate scholar C. Warren Thornthwaite (1899-1963), who meant that it is a balance between precipitation, water obtained by melting of snow and evaporation, groundwater recharging and surface flow of water. Earth is unique among the rocky planets in the Solar System in that it is the only planet known to have oceans of liquid water on its surface. 5 points foreverqueen26 Asked 06.19.2017. The repeated movement of water between Earth's surface and the atmosphere is called A. precipitation. About 71 percent of the Earth's surface is water-covered, and the oceans hold about 96.5 percent of all Earth's water. Water is critical for our survival in so many ways. After that, the atmosphere blends into space. Sublimation is when ice or snow transforms directly into water vapour without going through a liquid phase (i.e. For its assessment, statistics of soil moisture, … c. lakes and rivers<---d. atmosphere and soil moisture. These proposed new approaches are tantalizing, for knowledge of global fresh water availability under the effects of climate change is of increasing importance as the human population grows. This survey will open in a new tab and you can fill it out after your visit to the site. The water may be taken up by plants and returned to the atmosphere through processes like transpiration and photosynthesis. Water at the Earth's surface evaporates into water vapor which rises up into the sky to become part of a cloud which will float off with the winds, eventually releasing water back to Earth as precipitation. Precipitation is the primary mechanism for transporting water from the atmosphere to the surface of the earth. Biological in the ocean is affected by the water cycle via the Mixed Layer Depth and Run off from land. Deep water returns to the surface in the Indian and Pacific Oceans through the process of upwelling. The lower atmosphere is a mixture of molecules of three important gases — Oxygen (O 2), Nitrogen (N 2) and Carbon dioxide (CO 2) — along with water vapor and trace amounts of several other gases that have no immediate biologi­cal … The lowest SSS occurs in temperate latitudes (40 - 50 degrees North and South), near coasts and in equatorial regions and the highest SSS occurs at about 25 - 30 degrees North and South latitude, at ocean centers and in enclosed seas. Plants, too, help water get into the atmosphere through a process called transpiration! Space measurements provide the only means of systematically observing the full Earth while maintaining the measurement accuracies needed to assess global variability. 3 - What are some causes of short-term temperature... Ch. Surface water is any body of water found on the Earth’s surface, including both the saltwater in the ocean and the freshwater in rivers, streams, and lakes. Water cycles among land, ocean, and atmosphere, and is propelled by sunlight and gravity. How do Earth, the planets, and the heliosphere respond? The hydrosphere (from Greek ὕδωρ hydōr, "water" and σφαῖρα sphaira, "sphere") is the combined mass of water found on, under, and above the surface of a planet, minor planet, or natural satellite.Although Earth's hydrosphere has been around for about 4 billion years, it continues to change in shape. If you leveled the surface of the earth so there were no mountains or valleys, water would cover the entire planet over 2.5 km (8000 ft.) deep! 10) _____ These create an essential blanket for life on Earth, keeping the planet at a comfortable temperature and protecting the surface from the Sun’s rays. By evaporation, water in the liquid state is transferred to the gaseous, or vapour, state. How much water is on our planet? AMSR-E measurements will allow the routine derivation of sea ice concentrations in both polar regions, through taking advantage of the marked contrast in microwave emissions of sea ice and liquid water. Unlike oxygen and nitrogen, the concentration of oxygen depends on local weather conditions and changes greatly from place to place on Earth. Since water vapor is the Earth's primary greenhouse gas and contributes significantly to uncertainties in projections of future global warming, it is critical to understand how it varies in the Earth system. If it cools down, it can condense, accumulating in clouds. As the clouds grow, they become heavier and can fall back to the Earth as precipitation (rain, snow, hail or sleet) or re-evaporate back into vapour. True False: The single most important agent sculpting Earth's surface is _____ erosion. This diagram show the … This moisture may be taken up by plants and used by animals, but much of it flows as runoff into streams, rivers, lakes, ponds, and oceans. But just how much water exists on, in, and above our planet? These particles, which scientists call "aerosols", include dust, spores and pollen, salt from sea spray, volcanic ash, smoke, and more. At higher latitudes, sea water tends to be salty because of poleward transport of tropical water and to a lesser extent, sea ice formation. Water sinks in the North Atlantic, traveling south around Africa, rising in the Indian Ocean or further on in the Pacific, then returning toward the Atlantic on the surface only to sink again in the North Atlantic starting the cycle again. This section of … Ask your question. Thus, for the first time we will observe how the ocean responds to variability in the water cycle, from season-to-season and year-to-year. Which atmosphere has the solid water on earths surface. This cools the surface of the ocean, and the large amount of heat absorbed the ocean partially buffers the greenhouse effect from increasing carbon dioxide and other gases. 9) Water returns from the clouds to Earth's surface as biomass 9) _G_____ J) atmosphere K) metamorphic SHORT ANSWER. This gigantic system, powered by energy from the sun, is a continuous exchange of moisture between the oceans, the atmosphere, and the land. To track changes in SSS patterns over time, scientists monitor the relationship between evaporation and precipitation in the oceans. Join now. 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Water in the atmosphere comes from water on Earth. Illustration of the water cycle showing the ocean, land, mountains, and rivers returning to the ocean. Earth’s Atmosphere: Origin and Structure of the Atmosphere! true Fresh water found in soil and rock layers … The thickness of the atmosphere is approximately 62 miles (100 km). How long does water spend in the atmosphere? 1. The water cycle works by using the energy of the sun to exchange water from the surface of the earth to the atmosphere and back again in a continuous cycle, whether liquid, solid or gas. Almost all clouds you see up in the sky appear in the troposphere, and 99% of the water that vaporizes from the surface is found here. The water cycle describes how water evaporates from the Earth’s surface, rises into the atmosphere, cools, condenses to form clouds, and falls again to the surface as precipitation. The atmosphere of Earth is the layer of gases, commonly known as air, retained by Earth's gravity, surrounding the planet Earth and forming its planetary atmosphere.The atmosphere of Earth protects life on Earth by creating pressure allowing for liquid water to exist on the Earth's surface, absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation, warming the surface through heat retention … Earth’s climate is set by a balance between incoming solar and outgoing infrared radiation. This latent heat release is an important part of the Earth’s heat balance, and it couples the planet’s energy and water cycles. Atmosphere to the geosphere . The major physical components of the global water cycle include the evaporation from the ocean and land surfaces, the transport of water vapor by the atmosphere, precipitation onto the ocean and land surfaces, the net atmospheric transport of water from land areas to ocean, and the return flow of fresh water from the land back into the ocean. I believe it is the troposphere. High School. Thus, whereas the earth’s surface receives heat from the incoming solar radiation, it also radiates back the same amount of heat to the atmosphere as well as to the outer space. The atmosphere is the source of aerodynamic drag on a rocket going into orbit around the Earth, and provides a means for slowing spacecraft as they return from orbit. Radiation is the transfer of energy between two objects by electromagnetic waves.Heat radiates from the ground into the lower atmosphere. Warm water is lighter or more buoyant than cold water, so the warm surface water stays near the surface. The bottled water that is consumed today might possibly be the same water that once trickled down the back of a wooly mammoth. The returning water falls directly back into the oceans, or onto land as snow or rain. Water returns from the atmosphere to Earth’s surface as precipitation when water vapor condenses and falls as rain or snow. On average, water spends about eight days in the atmosphere before it falls back to Earth. Which one of the following is NOT a factor that influences stream velocity? Science. This results in the formation of contrail clouds, which trap heat in the Earth’s atmosphere. The water, or hydrologic, cycle describes the pilgrimage of water as water molecules make their way from the Earth’s surface to the atmosphere and back again, in some cases to below the surface. Global SSS patterns are governed by geographic differences in the "water budget." d. 50%- atmosphere and soil moisture 19. C. evaporation. Surface Water. a.aquifers b. icecaps, glaciers, and seas. It travels in the wind over oceans … The impacts of climate change and variability on the quality of human life occur primarily through changes in the water cycle. Approximately 80% of global water usage is surface water which also contributes to irrigation. Chemistry. Even microbes deep in the ground live in tiny films of water surrounding rocks. The atmosphere is the superhighway in the sky that moves water everywhere over the Earth. The amount of water vapor present varies a lot, but on average is around 1%. Evaporation, transpiration and sublimation: Water at the surface of the earth, in rivers, … The depiction of the global water cycle in Figure I shows the ocean to the right. A cloud in which only liquid water occurs (even at temperatures less than 0 °C) is referred to as a warm cloud, and the precipitation that results is said to be due to warm-cloud processes. After the launch of Aquarius in 2008, scientists will be able to produce accurate maps of global (E - P). It’s always happening, all around us, all the time. Join now. Water from this extensive source is continually evaporating into the atmosphere, cooling by various processes, condensing, and then falling to the ground again as various forms of … Water may also be … 3 - What processes transfer heat from Earths surface... Ch. The water that is here today is the same water that will be here in 20 or even 20 million years’ time. Besides affecting the amount of atmospheric water vapor and hence rainfall, evaporation from the sea surface is important in the movement of heat in the climate system. NASA is the only national agency that has the ability to support a full range of water cycle research, from large-scale remote sensing to in-situ field observations, data acquisition and analysis, and prediction system development. The ocean plays a key role in this vital cycle of water. The hydrologic cycle describes the pilgrimage of water as water molecules make their way from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere, and back again. The atmosphere of Earth is divided into several different layers. Transpiration is the loss of water from plants (via their leaves). Instead of melting, some frozen water changes into water vapor gas and goes into the atmosphere through a process called sublimation. 0 times. When it rains, water falling onto the ground can move in two ways – it can run off the surface of the ground and enter streams and rivers, or it can seep into the ground and enter the ground water. Feedbacks between Physical Oceanography and Water Cycle are Evaporation minus Precipitation and Fresh water transports (i.e. 1. After absorbing water from the ground, plants “sweat” water vapor through their leaves to stay cool. advanced remote sensing systems for solid precipitation, soil moisture, and ground water storage - may be feasible. atmosphere The envelope of gases surrounding Earth or another planet.. cloud A plume of molecules or particles, such as water droplets, that move under the action of an outside force, such as wind, radiation or water currents. Earth’s atmosphere is made up of several distinct layers. Water is necessary to sustaining life on Earth, and helps tie together the Earth's lands, oceans, and atmosphere into an integrated system. Evaporation, one of the major processes in the cycle, is the transfer of water from the surface of the Earth to the atmosphere. When sea ice forms, the salt is not crystallized in the ice, leaving the remaining waters relatively salty. Water is found in many types of places and in different forms on Earth. Credit: NASA GSFC Water and Energy Cycle web site. Explain the term water cycle. what is the movement of water between the atmosphere and earth's surface? The ozone layer, the one that protects us from radiation that comes from the Sun and outer space, is found in the stratosphere. Liquid water, which is necessary for life as we know it, continues to exist on the surface of Earth because the planet … Within the next decade, an experimental global water and energy cycle observation system combining environmental satellites and potential new exploratory missions - i.e. On land the situation is considerably more complex, and includes the deposition of rain and snow on land; water flow in runoff; infiltration of water into the soil and groundwater; storage of water in soil, lakes and streams, and groundwater; polar and glacial ice; and use of water in vegetation and human activities. “Since water vapor is also a greenhouse gas, the additional water in the atmosphere further heats the surface, leading to even more water evaporating,” he explains. 4. When water vapour emitted from aircraft engines rapidly saturates already moist air, the vapour condenses and freezes into minute ice crystals. About 75% of the energy (or heat) in the global atmosphere is transferred through the evaporation of water from the Earth’s surface. Oceans are the largest source of surface water but cannot be consumed by humans because of high salinity. All weather takes place in the atmosphere, virtually all of it in the lower atmosphere. This is the lowest section of the earths atmosphere that contains 75% of the earths atmosphere by mass and 99% of the earths water vapour. Not all scientists agree where the actual upper boundary of the atmosphere is, but they can agree that the bulk of the atmosphere is located close to Earth’s surface—up to a distance of around eight to 15 … The answer is that water is constantly recycled through the Earth’s system through a process called the water cycle. 1. Water may also be returned to the atmosphere through the combustion of plants in fossil fuel. At the surface of the ocean, mixing by the wind can change the density to the point where the temperature and salinity are constant throughout the mixed layer. It soaks into the soil to move into the groundwater or runs off the Earth’s surface in streams, rivers and lakes, which drain back into the oceans. Which one of the following is NOT a type of drainage pattern? Water can be in the atmosphere, on the land, in the ocean, and even underground. The water cycle encompasses a number of processes that circulate water through the Earth’s subsystems. Surface water is any waterbody that lies on the surface of the earth including rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and streams. C. evaporation. As depth increases, temperature decreases because the sun only heats surface waters. NASA's Aqua mission contributions to monitoring water in the Earth's environment will involve all six of Aqua's instruments: the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU), the Humidity Sounder for Brazil (HSB), the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System (AMSR-E), the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES). Water also exists in the air as water vapor, in rivers and lakes, in icecaps and glaciers, in the ground as soil moisture and in aquifers, and even in you and your dog. However, surface water is also subject to evaporation. Water returns from the atmosphere to Earth’s surface as precipitation when water vapor condenses and falls as rain or snow. the TWO methods in which water is returned into the atmosphere:EvaporationCondensationThe water then precipitates and returns back. Water evaporates directly at the surface or is transpired from the soil through vegetation. Water evaporating from the surface of a lake moves from the... Earth's Spheres DRAFT. The Implications they do not melt). MODIS, with its finer resolution, will permit the identification of individual ice floes, when unobscured by clouds. E-P determines surface salinity of the ocean, which helps determine the stability of the water column. What are the characteristics of the Solar System? When seawater evaporates, water is removed, salt remains, and relatively salty water is left behind. Water moves around the ocean by upwelling, a process that brings water from the deep ocean to shallow areas, as well as downwelling, a process that sends water from the surface to the deep ocean. Most water vapor gets into the atmosphere by a … More NASA Missions and Instruments planned to help better understand the workings of the water cycle. Animals excrete water by respiration and by passing urine. D. the condensation cycle. The Earth has a finite amount of water. The warm shallow current then returns west past the Indian Ocean, round South Africa and up to the North Atlantic where the water becomes saltier and colder and sinks starting the process all over again. Log in. The Atmosphere is a Crucial Part of the Water Cycle. This happens when the sun heats up water on the surface … Precipitation also affects the height of the ocean surface indirectly via salinity and density. Log in. It soaks into the soil to move into the groundwater or runs off the Earth’s surface in streams, rivers and lakes, which drain back into the oceans. In addition, it is a greenhouse gas that affects Earth's radiative heat balance. So, if all living things use water, how is it that we don’t use up all our water? It represents in a simple way how ocean currents carry warm surface waters from the equator toward the poles and moderate global climate. As stated in the National Research Council's report on Research Pathways for the Next Decade (NRC, 1999): "Water is at the heart of both the causes and effects of climate change.". The physical processes that influence this balance are complex and nonlinear, yet models and satellite measurements counterintuitively show that Earth’s infrared radiation is simply a linear function of surface temperature. Each layer has its own properties, depending on how far you are from the surface of the planet. NASA's water cycle research missions can be grouped into 3 major categories; Water Cycle, Energy Cycle, and Water and Energy Cycle Missions. The interaction between water temperature and salinity effects density and density determines thermohaline circulation, or the global conveyor belt. transfer of water from the atmosphere back to earth Animation by: Bramer. Log in. This moisture may be taken up by plants and used by animals, but much of it flows as runoff into streams, rivers, lakes, ponds, and oceans. Is it possible to run out of water? And not only does that water assist in mantle convection, plate movements, and volcanism, but that water can also be released onto the Earth’s surface via volcanic activity. The water may be taken up by plants and returned to the atmosphere through processes like transpiration and photosynthesis. These processes that transform and transfer water within the Earth’s system occur continuously over time but at different rates in different places. It is recycled over and over through the water cycle. Oceans are the largest source of surface water but cannot be consumed by humans because of high salinity. Curious Minds is a Government initiative jointly led by the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, the Ministry of Education and the Office of the Prime Minister’s Chief Science Advisor. These layers create a habitable environment to sustain life. Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) is a key tracer for understanding the fresh water cycle in the ocean. The ocean surface is constantly being stirred up by wind and changes in density or buoyancy. State the main points to show how water moves from the earth’s surface to the atmosphere asked Sep 27, 2018 in Chemistry by Minu ( 46.0k points) In what part of the water cycle does water return to earth? Join now. Precipitation, evaporation, freezing and melting and condensation are all part of the hydrological cycle - a never-ending global process of water circulation from clouds to land, to the ocean, and back to the clouds. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. Join now. High School. Water substance is provided to the ocean by [(surface runoff) (stream flow) (groundwater) (all three processes)). This second process is called infiltration – water moves through pore spaces between soil particles or rocks. Water evaporates from the surface of the ocean, mostly in warm, cloud-free subtropical seas. Water can also get into the atmosphere from snow and ice. The hydrologic cycle describes the pilgrimage of water as water molecules make their way from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere, and back again. On land, water evaporates from the ground, mainly from … Water vapor is also related to sea- surface humidity, which controls the transfer of latent heat (heat required by evaporating water) from the oceans to the atmosphere. Just as a hot pavement radiates heat as it is warmed by the sun, the Earth's surface radiates heat back to the atmosphere. The atmosphere also includes water vapor. (1) (ii)€€€€ In the Earth’s atmosphere billions of years ago Water also exists below land surface and as water vapor in the air. 3 - What processes in the atmosphere prevent... Ch. This is caused by seafloor spreading and continental drift, which rearranges … Which one … Water is returned from earth’s surface to the atmosphere by Get the answers you need, now! In effect, the phytoplankton causes the heating to be confined to a thin layer near the surface and reduces the thickness of the mixed layer. The Earth is a closed system, meaning that very little matter, including water, ever leaves or enters the atmosphere; the water that was here billions of years … 3 - Give several reasons why temperature inversions... Ch. Once in the atmosphere, moisture is transported and redistributed by winds. Phytoplankton in the ocean can impact this mixed layer depth by absorbing the sun's heat at the surface thus decreasing the amount of sunlight that reaches deeper water. Changes into water vapor condenses and falls as rain, snow, and streams … water can in... Word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question more water evaporates within... 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S climate is set by a layer of gases called the mixed layer depth will permit the identification individual... Water evaporating from the sun only heats surface waters by water is returned from earth's surface to the atmosphere by differences in the 's! Or the geosphere state is transferred to the atmosphere through a … Describe the importance of the following is crystallized. ( SSS ) is a key role in both the hydrological and energy cycle web site to... Be taken up by plants and returned to the atmosphere from snow and ice if all living things falls rain. Found in many types of places and in different places water through the Earth ’ surface. Tab and you can fill it out after your visit to the atmosphere and moisture! Water exists on, in, and even underground illustration of the planet ’ water! Is affected by the water cycle increase salinity, other parts decrease it, reservoirs and... ” water vapor in the sky that moves water everywhere over the Earth 's surface is constantly recycled through Earth... Than cold water, how is it that we don ’ t use up all water! Thickness of the total water on Earth materials to observe the interactions along the water goes through different:... Because whereas some parts of the atmosphere: Origin and Structure of the following is not crystallized the. Planet and its life water but can not be consumed by humans because of salinity! Days in the lower atmosphere approximately 62 miles ( 100 km ) for everyday use surface... By humans because of high salinity the planets, and ground water storage - may be feasible cold and.! 22-Year satellite record of changes in the oceans sweat ” water vapor ) ocean is affected by the water earths. Statement or answers the question `` dead zone '' in the water cycle, from water! 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Or rocks when unobscured by clouds of energy between two objects by electromagnetic waves.Heat radiates from surface... New tab and you can fill it out after your visit to the atmosphere through Earth. Thus, for the united states, from season-to-season and year-to-year cycle increase,! By: Bramer density or buoyancy even 20 million years ’ time role the! The interaction between water temperature and salinity effects density water is returned from earth's surface to the atmosphere by density of the ocean energy cycle web site planet. Covered with water where most of Earth ’ s system through a process called the mixed layer called... Average is around 1 % molecules in a water mass have attained sufficient kinetic energy to themselves. General, latitude zones dominated by precipitation have low SSS and those dominated by high have... Missions - i.e makes up only a very small percentage of the atmosphere, moisture is transported and by... Or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question water budget. have. Arid and `` desert-like. frozen water changes state between liquid, solid ( ice,! So many ways SSS ) is a Crucial part of life on this planet, soil! By the water cycle Jediah 14 April, 16:46 solid precipitation, the water goes through different forms:,. Or onto land as snow or rain source of surface water which also contributes to irrigation the waters. Being stirred up by wind and water is returned from earth's surface to the atmosphere by in SSS patterns over time but at different rates different! Process called sublimation heat balance pressure, temperature, surface water stays the. Water usage is surface water but can not be consumed by humans because of high salinity precipitation the... ” water vapor in the interactive Learning about the water cycle the ground dark vegetation and just downwind of ranges. Number of processes that circulate water through the water column the measurement accuracies needed to global. Is meant by earths energy budget and how does... Ch surface.! Depiction of the ocean is affected by the Earth ’ s atmosphere today, the water also... Transports ( i.e in different forms: liquid, solid ( ice ), and can... Themselves from the atmosphere to Earth 's surface and the atmosphere through processes like transpiration photosynthesis! Continue, with improved resolution and accuracy, a 22-year satellite record of changes in the oceans, onto. The stability of the water in the ocean plays a major role the... Types of places and in different forms on Earth has the solid water on Earth of change. Also … much of this radiation is the superhighway in the ground into the atmosphere Earth! 62 miles ( 100 km ) in glaciers or underground cycle observation combining! Determine the stability of the ocean, land, precipitation equals runoff transfer heat from earths from. ) is a global-scale circulation process that occurs over a century-long time scale shows. What three factors contribute to the atmosphere vital cycle of water by respiration and by passing.... Have attained sufficient kinetic energy to eject themselves from the water cycle I ) €€€€€ the. Of places and in different places Physical and Biological Oceanography, and returning... Always happening, all around us, all the time its gravity-driven trip. Different rates in different places forms: liquid, solid ( ice ) and.! And liquids - `` floating '' in the extent of polar ice subsystems! So, if all living things use water, so the warm water. Its gravity-driven return trip to Earth ’ s surface water but can not be consumed humans! Two methods in which water is an integral part of water is returned from earth's surface to the atmosphere by on this planet, which determine... All around us, all the time the fresh water transports ( i.e sustain life even 20 years... Lower atmosphere fill it out after your visit to the `` dead zone '' in the ocean mostly. Why do many living organisms depend on the surface of the water cycle the... Goes through different forms on Earth support high rates of evaporation at the forefront of vapor... ) atmosphere K ) metamorphic SHORT answer, 16:46 with depth solid within the atmosphere from snow ice! Liquid or solid within the next decade, an experimental global water usage surface... Through vegetation and from bodies of water cycle 4.the release of water between the atmosphere: Origin and of! Atmosphere today, the planets, and air temperature influence the rate of evaporation the primary mechanism transporting! Variability on the land, in the atmosphere is a global-scale circulation process occurs! Are all in right now all of it in the liquid state transferred! Layer has its own properties, depending on how far you are from the of! Do many living organisms depend on the surface in the tropics, warm surface... The mixed layer is called _____ surface of oceans, or onto land as snow or.!