Ancient “Chewing Gum” Reveals a 5,700-Year-Old Microbiome. Margherita Fontana “I think the ancient DNA field, moving forward, has a lot to offer in human genome–human microbiome coevolution,” Weyrich says. But it doesn’t stop there. Des échantillons de salive stimulés de base et de suivi ont été collectés et la composition microbienne salivaire a été évaluée à l’aide de l’analyse de séquençage de nouvelle génération du gène ARNr 16S. Furthermore, … Les problèmes d’estomac qui peuvent apparaître dans ces situations sont l’irritation, les … Le chewing-gum pourrait être un vecteur de maladies bactériennes assez longtemps après avoir été jeté au sol. Menu. A practical format to take everywhere, to be taken after a meal. C’est une question qui se pose après avoir lu le travail de chercheurs danois sur un bout de résine de bouleau mâchée vieux de 5700 ans. Chewing gum can negatively impact gut bacteria, as I’ll discuss below. Chewing gum has been suggested to have many cognitive benefits such as increasing focus and alertness, improving memory, and controlling, besides its obvious benefit of making breath smell minty fresh. Introduction Xylitol, a naturally occurring five-carbon polyol (sugar alcohol), is used in several products, including chewing gum, as a sugar substitute; it has been shown to have beneficial effects in the maintenance of oral health. Ce chewing-gum primitif les aiderait probablement à se nettoyer les dents, à atténuer la faim voire à satisfaire un simple plaisir gustatif. Clinical Oral Investigations, 2014. “We have this inconspicuous little lump of birch pitch that someone discarded thousands of years ago, and suddenly we’re able to conjure up this person from it,” says Hannes Schroeder, an archaeologist at the University of Copenhagen and the paper’s corresponding author. Behind them, the woman and her kin built weirs to trap fish that they skewered with bone-tipped spears. “I thought these ‘chewing gums’ could be a source of DNA.” Jensen’s colleagues were able to pull the partial DNA of three individuals from lumps of birch tar dated to about 10,000 years ago and published their findings in Communications Biology in May. Votre adresse de messagerie ne sera pas publiée. Schroeder and his colleagues identified a host of microbial taxa from the sample, some of which were part of the community of microbes that live, often harmlessly, in and on humans called the microbiome. Search. The researchers also discovered the woman carried Epstein-Barr virus—a very common member of the herpesvirus family—and several strains of virus responsible for pneumonia. Experts of the University of Copenhagen have been able to extract a complete human genome from a “chewing gum” which is thousands of years old. Full genome of a human (and her oral microbes) recovered from Stone Age chewing gum This is the first time the full genome of an ancient human has been extracted from a … The Syltholm birch tar sample—along with the genomic information concealed in it—was likely so well-preserved because it was buried in an oxygen-free environment, says Natalija Kashuba, an archaeologist at Uppsala University in Sweden and lead author of the paper published in May. Nederlands. Stone Age “chewing gum” yields 5,700-year-old human genome and oral microbiome. A new study out of Denmark that analysed a 5,700-year-old piece of chewing gum made from birch bark pitch has succeeded in extracting a complete human genome from the pitch, demonstrating its potential as a new source of … Fortunately, no one has yet tried to coin the word gumomics. In any case, when she discarded the tar, it was sealed away under layers of sand and silt for some 5,700 years until a team of archaeologists found it. According to Schroeder and his colleagues, the Syltholm woman’s genome indicates she was not related to communities of farmers that did live in Denmark around the same time. Et c’est aujourd’hui un « chewing-gum » vieux de 5.700 ans que des chercheurs ont analysé. (1) Institut GFK. COPENHAGEN, Denmark: Though its popularity and constituent ingredients have changed over time, chewing gum has been used by humans for thousands of years. Saliva samples were collected at baseline and from 0 to 2, 2 to 5, 5 to 10, 10 to 15, and … Explore our digital archive back to 1845, including articles by more than 150 Nobel Prize winners. Chewing gum manufacturers have been turning to an ingredient called titanium dioxide for years. La mastication continue de chewing-gum peut entraîner une augmentation du niveau de stress pour l’estomac et les intestins. Kills your good bacteria Les champs obligatoires sont indiqués avec *. © 2021 Scientific American, a Division of Springer Nature America, Inc. Support our award-winning coverage of advances in science & technology. See more of his writing at www.jimdaleywrites.com. Each chewing gum provides 100% of the recommended fluoride and vitamin D content. Could gum help prevent cavities in the same way as tooth brushing or flossing? Post-meal gum chewing can stimulate the release of bile, digestive enzymes, and acids, all components needed to properly digest foods, and may help avoid indigestion after a large meal. Discover world-changing science. Cheveux noirs, yeux bleus et peau foncée Stone Age “Chewing Gum” Yields 5,700-year-old Human Genome and Oral Microbiome Thousands of years ago in what is now Denmark a young Neolithic woman chewed on a birch pitch.DNA analysis of this prehistoric “chewing gum” has now revealed, in remarkable detail, what she looked like. A new study out of Denmark that analysed a 5,700-year-old piece of chewing gum made from birch bark pitch has succeeded in extracting a complete human genome from the pitch, demonstrating its potential as a new source of ancient DNA. اللغة العربية. “It’s very difficult to put that microbiome into context without further analysis of other hunter-gatherers.”. Lorsque vous mâchouillez un chewing-gum, vous y laissez un peu de votre salive. It’s a new untapped source of ancient DNA, according to the researchers . microbiome; saliva; xylitol. She was descended from a genetic group archaeologists refer to as Western hunter-gatherers, who began settling in Scandinavia via a southern route as early as 11,700 years ago. What about gum's effect on our microbiome though? Twenty healthy young adults were randomly instructed to chew either PE gum or placebo gum. Age “chewing gum” yields 5,700 year-old human genome and oral microbiome. Delivery all over the world. COPENHAGEN, Denmark: Though its popularity and constituent ingredients have changed over time, chewing gum has been used by humans for thousands of years. In this study, an examiner-blinded, randomized, and gum-base-controlled crossover manner was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a sugar-free chewing gum containing PE fruit extract in changing the oral microbiome. Effects of short-term xylitol gum chewing on the oral microbiome. Kashuba, who was not involved in the new study, says that if archaeologists recover more ancient-microbiome samples, they could begin to piece together the evolutionary history of bacteria and viruses that are connected to human health. Some other oral bacteria discovered indicates the woman may have suffered from periodontal disease. Gum can also cause bloating if you swallow air while chewing. Archaeologists, however, do not yet know whether hunter-gatherers in the region independently adopted farming or if new arrivals brought it with them. A. naeslundii HOT-176 and Actinomyces HOT-169 were significantly reduced following use of maltitol chewing gum in patients. The woman may have worked the tar until it was pliable enough to repair a piece of pottery or a polished flint tool—birch tar was a common Stone Age adhesive. Researchers were able to detect traces of DNA that revealed pathogens, including potential Epstein-Barr virus, one of the most common human viruses that can serve as the gateway to mononucleosis, also known as glandular fever. Dans cette étude interventionnelle, un essai contrôlé randomisé a été utilisé pour évaluer les effets à court terme du chewing-gum contenant du xylitol sur le microbiote salivaire. 中文. We’ve found bacteria that can be used to clean the chewing gums – … Effect of maltitol-containing chewing gum use on the composition of dental plaque microbiota in subjects with active dental caries. Português PT. “For studies of human health and environment, this type of material is just priceless,” she says. Chewing gum can aid in soothing acid reflux. When researchers from the University of Copenhagen analysed a 5,700-year-old piece of chewing gum made from birch bark pitch, they succeeded in extracting a complete human genome from the pitch. Ancient “Chewing Gum” Reveals a 5,700-Year-Old Microbiome December 17, 2019 102 Toward the end of the Stone Age, in a small fishing village in southern Denmark, a dark-skinned woman with brown hair and piercing blue eyes chewed on a sticky piece of hardened birch tar. Il existe encore des fabricants de chewing-gum qui utilisent de vrais ingrédients, à l’ancienne mais ils sont parfois plus difficiles à trouver. Chewing gum has also been shown to have beneficial effects in the prevention of dental caries by increasing the flow of saliva (Dodds, 2012). Chewing with an artificial sweetener may, in the long term, change your oral and gut microbiome.” This is where your choice in gum is really important; Dr. Lin recommends buying sugar-free gum that’s not packed with chemicals (here is a list of eight brands of “clean gum”). Researchers have succeeded in extracting a complete human genome from a thousands-of-years old 'chewing gum.' Ces résultats indiquent que le chewing-gum contenant du xylitol inhibe l’augmentation du nombre total de bactéries salivaires sur une courte période pendant laquelle la composition microbienne salivaire n’est pas affectée. “It’s fascinating to be able to do that from this small object.”. Sur le morceau de chewing-gum fossilisé, les chercheurs ont aussi identifié plusieurs bactéries et virus. Or she might have simply been enjoying what amounted to Neolithic chewing gum. Chewing gum could be a vector of bacterial diseases quite long after being thrown to the ground. Archaeologists reconstructed a Neolithic woman’s complete genome and oral microbiome … Though its popularity and constituent ingredients have changed over time, chewing gum has been used by humans for thousands of years. Sugar-free chewing gum is often sweetened by polyol sugars such as xylitol, sorbitol, maltitol, and erythritol (Livesey, 2003). Et si ce chewing-gum abandonné sous une chaise, plus qu’un signe de négligence crasse, était un don de patrimoine biologique à destination des futures générations de généticiens? Nous avons trouvé des bactéries qui peuvent être utilisées pour nettoyer les chewing-gums, car elles les mangent! À l’inverse, aucune différence significative n’a été observée dans la composition globale du microbiote salivaire entre les échantillons de référence et de suivi des deux groupes. Dans cette étude interventionnelle, un essai contrôlé randomisé a été utilisé pour évaluer les effets à court terme du Generally recognized as safe by the Food and Drug Administration, this compound is often used in nanoparticle form to create a … Order Biocyte Microbiote Oral Care 8 Chewing Gums at the best price in a secure online pharmacy. Français. Although no human remains have been recovered at the dig site, the DNA on the birch tar revealed what the woman looked like, what she ate, what bacteria and viruses she carried with her, where her people could have come from and whether they may have begun to adopt farming. Sources : draxe.com. “C’est la première fois que [des scientifiques] extraient autant d’informations d’autre chose que des os ou des dents”, insiste Science. Other oral bacteria species the team found in the gum can cause periodontal disease. bioRxiv. The advent of agriculture changed human gut and oral microbiomes, because more carbohydrate-rich foods became available. Après les repas, votre estomac doit bénéficier d’une période de repos pour digérer les aliments, mais la mastication et l’ingestion continue de salive interfèrent avec ce repos. Now used in nanoparticle form, this extremely tiny metal compound is posing some serious emerging health threats. According to the researchers, it is a new untapped source of ancient DNA. pixabay.com The ancient chewing gum acted as a time capsule, storing information about her oral microbiome, the bacteria that lived in her mouth, as well. Italiano . Written by TE in Global, Nature. Le chewing-gum est également à l’origine de migraines et de maux de têtes violents chez les enfants et les adolescents. Scientific American is part of Springer Nature, which owns or has commercial relations with thousands of scientific publications (many of them can be found at, Food-Industry-Backed Research Gives Results Funders Want, New Analysis Shows, New Scientist-Candidates for U.S. Congress Fared Worse Than Expected in 2020, U.S. Exits Paris Climate Accord after Trump Stalls Global Warming Action for Four Years. COPENHAGEN, Denmark: Though its popularity and constituent ingredients have changed over time, chewing gum has been used by humans for thousands of years. Euro (EUR) Franc suisse (CHF) Pound (GBP) South Korean won (KRW) US Dollar (USD) Yen (JPY) Yuan (CNY) English. Baseline and follow-up stimulated saliva samples were collected and the salivary microbial composition was assessed using the 16S rRNA gene next-generation sequencing analysis. » L'expert ajoute que «le chewing-gum a une charge bactérienne qui évolue d'un microbiome oral à un microbiome environnemental en quelques semaines. Co-lead study author Theis Jensen, a bioarchaeologist at the University of Copenhagen, initially hit upon the idea of extracting genomic data from birch while he was working at a different dig site in Sweden and began to see pieces of tar with teeth imprints in them. Microbiome Discovered in the Syltholm Tar The sample found at Syltholm by Schroeder and his team revealed that the woman who chewed the tar was a carrier of microbiome, which are microbes that live in and on humans without doing any harm. Russian. The village, dubbed Syltholm by modern archaeologists, was near a coastal lagoon that was protected from the Baltic Sea by sandy barrier islands. Le chewing-gum fossilisé a été retrouvé par des archéologues à Syltholm (Danemark), avant d’être analysé. (They changed again during the industrial revolution, when refined sugars and vegetable oils came to dominate the menu.) Toward the end of the Stone Age, in a small fishing village in southern Denmark, a dark-skinned woman with brown  hair and piercing blue eyes chewed on a sticky piece of hardened birch tar. Une trouvaille rare, assure Céline Bon. Prosdocimi EM (1), Kistler JO (1), Moazzez R (2), Thabuis C (3), Perreau C (3), Wade WG (1). The gum had traces of DNA from hazelnut (Corylus avellana) and mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), which the woman may have recently eaten and which could have been staples in a hunter-gatherer’s diet. A new study out of Denmark that analysed a 5,700-year-old piece of chewing gum made from birch bark pitch has succeeded in extracting a complete human genome from the pitch, demonstrating its potential as a new source of ancient DNA. Effects - Helps to maintain the mineralisation of the teeth and to fight against dental plaque - Helps reduce dry mouth that causes bad breath - Contributes to the maintenance of normal dentition. A partir de cet échantillon, ils ont pu reconstituer le génome complet de l’individu ayant … Toward the end of the Stone Age, in a small fishing village in southern Denmark, a dark-skinned woman with brown hair and piercing blue eyes chewed on a sticky piece of hardened birch tar. Ancient “Chewing Gum” Reveals a 5,700-Year-Old Microbiome. Votre adresse de messagerie ne sera pas publiée. This is probably the scariest reason to avoid gum. S t on e A ge “ch ew in g gu m ” yield s 5,700 year­ old h u m an gen om e an d oral m icrob iom e Le nombre total de bactéries salivaires a été quantifié à l’aide d’un système de PCR quantitatif en temps réel. The results, published Tuesday in Nature Communications, highlight the potential of chewed birch pitch as a source of ancient human and microbial DNA, which can be used to shed light on the population histories, health statuses and subsistence strategies of ancient people. Chu Rouen . Deutsch. When you chew gum, your saliva becomes more alkaline, and because of the additional saliva production that happens while you chew, it causes you to swallow more often, … Archaeologists reconstructed a Neolithic woman’s complete genome and oral microbiome from a piece of birch tar she chewed. The team did determine that she was lactose-intolerant, which would have been common among hunter-gatherers before the adoption of animal husbandry. Effet du fluorure de diammine d’argent et du verre ionomère sur la reminéralisation des caries dentinaires naturelles, La justification de la supplémentation en sélénium dans les maladies inflammatoires de l’intestin, Association entre l’état de santé bucco-dentaire et l’apport alimentaire futur et la qualité de l’alimentation chez les hommes âgés, le fer peut ne pas améliorer la fertilité, Dangers transmissibles par l’alimentation, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30429438-effects-of-xylitol-containing-chewing-gum-on-the-oral-microbiota, Journal of Nutrition and Intermediary Metabolism. 4. Jim Daley is a science journalist based in Chicago. Et l’analyse des restes du microbiome oral préservés dans ce vieux chewing-gum a pu offrir un instantané de sa vie. English. Subscribers get more award-winning coverage of advances in science & technology. Farming spread to Denmark relatively late—arriving around the time the Syltholm woman lived—but once there, it probably caught on quickly. Laura Weyrich, a paleomicrobiologist at Pennsylvania State University, who was not involved in either study, says it is difficult to draw broad conclusions about the Syltholm woman’s diet—or even the exact composition of her oral microbiome—from a piece of chewed gum. Conclusions: This study has shown that chewing gum containing maltitol had minor effects on the composition of the plaque microbiome. Español. Weyrich says the study could herald a new chapter in studying ancient people’s—and their microbiome’s—evolution. The bacterial populations that colonize a person’s teeth are very different from those found in their saliva or on their tongue, and so a sample pulled from chewing gum “is probably a mixture of all these different types of oral microbiome,” Weyrich says. The men were randomly divided into two groups: one group chewed two pieces of xylitol-containing chewing gum 7 times/day for 2 days (n = 34) and the other did not (n = 36). At the time, “next-generation sequencing was starting to revolutionize ancient DNA studies,” he says. Although they successfully identified 26 virulence factors, or molecules that make pathogens more effective at infecting hosts, they were unable to determine the woman’s health status. Aucune différence statistiquement significative n’a été trouvée entre les deux groupes concernant les paramètres analysés dans les échantillons de référence; cependant, les échantillons de suivi du groupe test ont montré une numération bactérienne salivaire totale significativement plus faible que ceux du groupe témoin. Le traitement au phosphopeptide de caséine et au fluorure de phosphate de calcium amorphe enrichit le microbiome symbiotique de la plaque dentaire chez les enfants. Currency : EUR. Amazingly, they were able to extract the woman’s complete genome from the birch tar, along with her oral microbiome and DNA from food she may have recently eaten. 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