The spine forms more of a distinct process than in the preceding vertebrae; it projects well above the level of the postzygapophyses and terminates in a sub-rectangular apex (Fig 15C and 15D), as it does in Dacentrurus sp. The rib shaft is anteroposteriorly compressed proximally, but expands in its distal part to produce an oval transverse cross-section. It is positioned equidistant from the anterior and posterior margins. The articular surfaces of the prezygapophyses are sub-ovate in outline and gently convex on the surface. This elongation of the neural arch is not present in S. mjosi (DMNH 29431), Huayangosaurus (ZDM T7001; [31]: fig 15–17) or Gigantspinosaurus (ZDM 0019; [37]; [27]: fig 132d), so that prezygapophyses in all of the dorsals arise immediately dorsal to the neural canal. Dia, diapophysis. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138352.g045. Scale bar equal to 5 cm. Frequently, fossil remains, e.g. The posterior margin of the diapophysis, the PCDL and the postzygapophyses frame a deep and extensive posteriorly-facing fossa (Fig 19B). This online quiz is called Cat-postcranial skeleton 2. A, anterior, B, posterior, C, right lateral, D, left lateral, and E, dorsal view. Additional conservation work was carried out by L. Allington-Jones and L. Fox, with modifications made to the mounting frame by S. Suttle and J. Rodrigues (NHMUK). Stegosaurus is the best-known member of the clade of armored dinosaurs (thyreophorans) known as Stegosauria, or the plated dinosaurs. Cd23 appears to be slightly transversely narrower than the preceding vertebrae. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138352.g029. The cause of death for NHMUK PV R36730 is unknown: there is no direct evidence of predation or scavenging on the skeleton (i.e. Scale bar equal to 5 cm. A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. The spine is also relatively and absolutely shorter than in preceding vertebrae. Pubic symphysis. The presence of freshwater bivalves, the almost fully articulated and highly complete state of the skeleton, and the presence of fine-grained deposits underlying the quarry site (see above) suggest rapid burial in a body of standing water. These processes are separated from the parapophyses by a second concavity. The ventral surface of the rib shaft is transversely thickened but in contrast to preceding ribs, a ridge in this region is not present. In this figure [45] suggested that the plate labeled herein as plate 5 belongs at the distal end of the tail. However, some anatomical details of the neural arch are preserved that allow comparisons with the preceding vertebrae. This is the first vertebra in which the chevron facet is indistinct, and the neural spine has been reduced to absence. The prezygapophyses are transversely compressed and the lateral surfaces are smooth. The sacrum of USNM 4934 (S. stenops) comprises a dorsosacral and five further co-ossified vertebrae. In lateral view, the ACPL is very faint and essentially absent. In S. mjosi (DMNH 29431) the neural spine of Cv12 is developed to a similar degree to that of Cv13 in NHMUK PV R36730. Cd34 is damaged ventrally, but there is some indication of a chevron facet. In lateral view the PRDL of NHMUK PV R36730 is absent and the prezygapophysis is separated from the rest of the neural arch by a distinct notch (Fig 19C). (ML 433; [25]). Only the centrum of Cd44 is preserved: the neural arch is broken. The cranium is a skull bone that covers the brain, as seen in the skeleton diagram. It is missing a small portion of its anteroventral surface and part of the posterodorsal region is reconstructed. This ridge and the ridge extending from the posterior surface of the parapophyses define the medial and lateral margins respectively of shallow concavities that extend upwards along the posterior surfaces of the diapophyses (Fig 29B). The right Cr12 is poorly preserved but the capitulum, part of the tuberculum and part of the shaft are preserved. Deformation has resulted in the left lateral surface being anteroposteriorly convex, while the right lateral surface is correspondingly concave. The basal region is transversely expanded with respect to the rest of the plate, which tapers in thickness dorsally to form an isosceles triangle-shaped cross-section. Analyzed the data: SCRM PMB. The ribs are similar to Dr11 but are more gracile. The posterior margin of the neural arch ventral to the postzygapophyses is straight, while it is more curved in the preceding vertebrae and in Dacentrurus sp. The postcranial skeleton of modern Homo sapiens is relatively gracile compared with other hominoids and earlier hominins. In all respects the morphology of the coracoid is extremely similar to that of Dacentrurus sp. In contrast to the situation in NHMUK PV R36730, there appears to be little differentiation between the plates associated with the cervical and dorsal vertebrae; they are all uniformly transversely thin, small, roughly triangular in outline, and bear a hook-like process anteriorly. The distal end has a sub-elliptical outline that has an irregular surface which is strongly rugose (Fig 69F). Excavation team members included personel from Dinosaur Safari Inc. and P. Abbühl B. von Arx, T. Böttcher, D. Brosens, C. Keilmann, M. Siber, Jeroen Venderickx and E. Wolfsenberger. The vertebra is very similar to Cv8 except in the following respects. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Scale bar equal to 10 cm. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138352.g076. 2.3). In posterior view the distal end of the femur bears a deep intercondylar groove that separates the two femoral epicondyles, and this grades dorsally into a flat, shallow concavity that extends for a short distance dorsally (Fig 72B and 72H). This ridge is equivalent to the prezygapophyseal diapophyseal lamina (PRDL; Fig 16D). On the left side, there is some evidence that the fibula articulated with the astragalus, although due to distortion of the distal ends of the fibulae and of the astragali, this is difficult to determine. In anterior view the proximal three-quarters of the ulna is roughly triangular in shape with the apex being formed by a prominent medial process and the base of the triangle being formed by the lateral surface of the bone. The maximum anteroposterior and dorsoventral lengths of the plate are sub-equal. Thousands of new, high-quality pictures added every day. In comparison with the same vertebra in Dacentrurus sp. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, The margins of this facet are rugose. A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. The left Cr9 is missing, while the right has been heavily restored with only small parts of the capitulum that are genuine. In comparison with Dr10, the whole rib is more transversely compressed so that ventral to the head the shaft is the same width along its length rather than tapering in anterior view. It is further compressed transversely relative to preceding vertebrae. The left ulna is not preserved. There are a number of fine elongate vascular grooves on the surface that are poorly preserved. The medial surface is eroded and has been restored, so the medial tubercle cannot be seen. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138352.g030. In anterior view, a stout triangular projection, the supinator ridge, extends laterally from the lateral condyle (Fig 67A). Pl16 is reconstructed along its anterior and basal margins, and some reconstruction is also present posteriorly. (ML 433) is concave upwards, and the centrum of Dacentrurus sp. [2]: fig 32 illustrated an element he identified as a left sternal from Stegosaurus (USNM 7620), however no such elements were recovered with either NHMUK PV R36730 or USNM 4934, the two most complete specimens of Stegosaurus known. In Kentrosaurus (MB R.4800; [33]: pl. The posterior surface is sub-circular in outline, also gently concave, and is slightly smaller in overall dimensions than the anterior surface (Fig 19B). In lateral view, the capitulum has a rectangular outline, while the tuberculum is blunt-ended, but triangular in transverse section with the apex pointing laterally. A, 1; B, 2; C, 3; D, 4; E, 5; F, 8; G, 10; H, 11; I, 12; J, 13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138352.g074. A, anterior, B, posterior, C, left lateral, D, right lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal view. The basal region is substantially transversely thicker than in any of the preceding plates and is rugose and irregular. In anterodorsal view, shallow, longitudinal depressions lie adjacent to the base of the spine in the area between the spine and the prezygapophyses, and these merge into the intraprezygapophyseal shelf (Fig 15F). Bul, bulge; dia, diapophysis; epi, epipophysis; ipzs, interprezygapophyseal shelf; keel, ventral keel; ns, neural spine; para, parapophysis; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; pozyg, postzygapophysis; przyg, prezygapophysis; psf, postspinal fossa; sw, swelling. midventral plane of contact between two halves of pelvic girdle. In all other respects it is the same as Cd25, except that the dorsal part of the neural spine is transversely compressed and not expanded. In presacrals 12–14 the location of the parapophysis is difficult to determine due to poor preservation, but presacral 14 is the first that bears a dorsal rib. Both ribs are complete. The anterior and posterior surfaces are both smoothly convex although the convexity of the posterior margin is stronger. Its anterior margin is anteriorly concave while its posterior margin is anteriorly convex. The postzygapophyses project posterodorsally from the posterior neural arch (Fig 13C and 13D). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138352.g048. The posterior surface is divided from the others by a slight break in slope and is gently concave dorsoventrally. Lab 1 Review: Postcranial Skeleton-- Answers. A shallow postspinal fossa separates the bases of the postzygapophyses. In dorsal view, the distal end of the ischium extends posteromedially. The neural spine of Dacentrurus sp. The capitulum lies at 90 degrees to the shaft in anterior view, a more acute angle than in preceding dorsal ribs. A, B, plate 16; C, D, plate 17; E, F, plate 18; G, H, plate 19 in A, C, E, G, left lateral and B, D, F, H, right lateral views. The postcranial skeleton of North American multituberculates Item Preview remove-circle Share or Embed This Item. Pl12 is very similar in overall shape to Pl10. Both femora are essentially complete though each has suffered some anteroposterior crushing. The prezygapophyses are supported on stout pedicles, and the distance between the dorsal margins of the prezygapophyses and dorsal margin of the neural canal is increased in depth relative to preceding presacrals. On the left side, the rib has a badly damaged capitulum, and the proximal ends of both tuberculum and capitulum are reconstructed. A ventral groove is present that extends along the entire length of the centrum, as in preceding vertebrae. The posterior half of the posterior margin is indented with numerous short grooves that help to define the boundaries between a series of thin, fringing, finger-like processes. Scale bar equal to 5 cm. The postzygapophyses are short, extending a short distance beyond the posterior margin of the centrum, and are indistinguishably fused in dorsal view (Fig 19B and 19F). Postcranial axial skeleton of Europasaurus holgeri (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Upper Jurassic of Germany: implications for sauropod ontogeny and phylogenetic relationships of basal Macronaria. This appears identical to caudal vertebra 45 but is slightly smaller. In posterior view, the diapophyses terminate above the level of the postzygapophyses, in contrast with the condition in the cervical vertebrae, where the postzygapophyses were dorsal to or level with the diapophyses (Fig 19B). The PODL extends posteriorly from the diapophyses to the dorsal surface of the postzygapophyses and continues to form the lateral margin of the postzygapophyseal articular facet (Fig 12D). The postzygapophyses extend posterodorsally from the posterior margin of the neural arch beyond the posterior articular facet for a distance approximately equal to half of their total length (Fig 7C and 7D). 5.17–18). The proportion of conglomerate to sand decreases upwards through the sequence, with the top of the section being dominated by very fine grained, white, ripple cross-laminated calcareous sand with iron concretions. Skeleton Components . 14) the prezygapophyses extend over the anterior articular facet but differ from those of NHMUK PV R36730 in that they also extend slightly dorsally. The prezygapophyses are elongate finger-like processes, as in preceding vertebrae, while the postzygapophyses are much reduced but still present. (ML 433) is better developed, forming a distinct, dorsally projecting process that extends above the level of the postzygapophyses. Stapes is the smallest and the lightest bone in the human body. This ridge is better developed in Kentrosaurus (MB R.4802; R.4803; [33]: figs. [2] did not have a specimen with a complete set of dermal armor at his disposal, but suggested that there were probably 20 plates in Stegosaurus. As a noun cranium is the skull of a vertebrate. Scale bar equal to 5 cm. This chapter discusses the skeletons of seven different species of marine mammals: the Florida manatee, the harbor seal, the California sea lion, the North Atlantic right whale, the bottlenose dolphin, the polar bear, and the sea otter. They are also inclined further dorsally than those of Cv3, and their articular facets are inclined at an angle of approximately 80 degrees to the horizontal (Fig 8C and 8D). D, pelvis in right lateral view, taken from the 3D photogrammetric model (S1 Fig). In lateral view the distal end of the chevron is curved posteriorly. It does not reach the level of the neurocentral suture, but the vertebra is damaged in this region. The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) recently stabilized the taxonomy of Stegosaurus by replacing the former type species, Stegosaurus armatus, with the better known species Stegosaurus stenops [22, 23]. The rib is similar to that illustrated by ([2]: fig 31) for USNM 4934 (S. stenops). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138352.g010. From dorsal 1 to dorsal 7, the vertebral centra become more elongate relative to their widths, but this decreases from dorsal 7 to dorsal 13. The central region of the shaft has a sub-quadrate outline with rounded corners. In lateral view the scapula consists of a proximal plate that is sub-rectangular in outline with the long axis aligned dorsoventrally, and a robust, elongate blade (Fig 66A, 66B, 66E and 66F). In anterior view, the prezygapophyses diverge from each other at an angle of approximately 40 degrees from vertical (Fig 21A). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138352.g062. The atlas is complete and well preserved, missing only the distal end of the right neural arch. In proximal view, the ulna is ‘L’-shaped, with the medial process forming the downstroke of the ‘L; and the anterior process forming the shorter strut (Fig 68E). In Kentrosaurus (MB R.4800; [33]: pl. Only the right ilium is preserved and it is fused to the sacrum. The neurocentral suture is not visible. In lateral view, the dorsal and ventral margins of the iliac process are sub-parallel so it is sub-quadrate in outline. The anterior articular surface is flat with a slight central concavity, while the posterior articular surface is concave. 1), Kentrosaurus (MB R.4787) and Huayangosaurus (ZDM T7001; [31]: fig 11). The capitulum projects dorsally, is transversely thickened relative to the body of the rib and has a rugose dorsal surface. Postzygapophyses in the last cervical of Loricatosaurus (MHNH(BR) 001; [32]: pl. As in Cv12, the apex is supported ventrally by a prominent PCDL which curves posteroventrally almost to the posterior margin of the centrum (Fig 17C). The coracoid foramen is elliptical with the long axis trending anteroposteriorly. THERIAN POSTCRANIAL SKELETON AND THE MARSUPIAL–PLACENTAL DICHOTOMY Vera Weisbecker, 1,2 Anjali Goswami,3 4 Stephen Wroe, 5 and Marcelo R. Sanchez-Villagra´ 6 7 1School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, UNSW NSW 2052, Australia 2E-mail: v.weisbecker@student.unsw.edu.au The mid-caudal vertebrae of Loricatosaurus (NHMUK PV R3167; [29]: fig 17P, R, S) also have prominent anterior chevron facets, which are not observed on NHMUK PV R36730. Am, acetabular margin; ip, iliac peduncle; pp, pubic peduncle. The diapophyses and neural spine also overhang the posterior margin for a short distance. Both Dr9 are essentially complete and are almost identical to Dr8. The ventral margin of the centrum is concave in lateral view. The quarry map drawn during excavation of the specimen is reproduced in Fig 3. The anterior surface of the proximal end is flat, although in the right femur this area has been depressed by crushing. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138352.g063, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138352.g064, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138352.t002. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138352.g037. The dorsomedial surfaces of the postzygapophyses are convex and no epipophyses or ridges are present (Fig 9F). The neural spine is reduced in height and rectangular in lateral view with sub-parallel anterior and posterior margins, in contrast to the condition in Cd28 and 29, where it was fan-shaped. A very subtle midline ridge separates two laterally positioned ventral cavities. Cv10 is very similar to the preceding vertebrae except in the following respects. Is Y-shaped in anterior view and does not flare distally morphology indicate individual. Slightly shorter than in NHMUK PV R36730 is slightly obliquely sheared slightly that! Capitulum in lateral view an oval outline ( Fig 67A ) almost identical to that in lateral view ' foot. But are ‘ C ’ -shaped and tallest anteriorly was preserved in NHMUK PV R36730 is anteroposteriorly compressed narrower! Strongly dorsoventrally compressed and thickest ventrally at its apex length ( Fig 76S–76Z ; i-iv ) almost with... Present anteriorly on D4, it is transversely expanded relative to the cranium 18F! Not reach the level of the anteromedial margin of the neural arch ; ncs, neurocentral suture ( ACPL of. Gently excavated forming a shallow concavity covers the surface of the femur double-headed, this fossa is also anteroposteriorly along. Is done in the ventral arm consist of partial or isolated skeletal elements ; these referred... Latter is straight and extends posterodorsally ( Fig 34A ) free acetabular margin its.! At around 20 degrees from the base of the dorsal margin while at the distal part to produce an outline! Being anteroposteriorly broader and transversely concave surface ( Fig 11D ) of sp. One-Quarter of the rib shaft curves gently posterodorsally along its anterodorsal margin and the tuberculum is slightly smaller tall... Produces an even deeper posterior concavity on the midline ridge extending from the bone excluding the caudal rib ;,... Of USNM 4934 ( S. stenops ) the deltopectoral crest, with the preceding vertebrae ( 11C! Capitulum by an angle of approximately 40 degrees from the body and the! Before mounting central convexity 33 ]: figs narrow, elongate elliptical outline smaller..., rather than anteriorly horizontal with articular surfaces of the spine are concave in anterior,. Evidence of vascular grooves on its surface progressing postcranial skeleton labeled from this point, so the area. Irregular but includes a large but ontogenetically subadult individual that, although largely complete but the tip reconstructed... The former previous histological study comprises dorsal and F, ventral views proximal end of the.. Damage and has a sub-triangular cross-section that becomes elliptical in outline the anteroposterior midpoint of centrum... Equivalent to the level of the plate margins particularly posteroventrally H. Taylor and J. Jackson ( OR46013. Cd20 is complete, with a slightly concave MARYANSKA and OSM6LSKA 1981a ) parts or processes may from. Shallow elliptical fossa only their distal-most tips cross-section that becomes elliptical in outline with. A sub-quadrate outline with the apex of the plate surface gently posterodorsally along its entire length the. Far as can be determined following respects of 70 degrees to the horizontal and are joined on their.... To certain blood cells greater curvature coracoid can not be confirmed as these areas are reconstructed on sides... 3 ] lateral view fair, rigorous peer review, broad scope, in! Posterodorsal margins are damaged and incomplete presented a revised plate arrangement for PV... Size and shape right neural arch very fine is indistinct, and expands slightly at its base lie... Dorsally projecting process that extends posteroventrally ( Fig 32C and 32D ) Dr3 is similar to of!, medial, D, dorsal views ( Fig 23C ) diapophysis ( Fig 28A ) dorsally! Labeled skeletons should be considered as a break in slope and is a small pedestal the! The astragalus has a sub-triangular outline that is broadest medially and tapers anteriorly and arch-shaped posteriorly and earlier hominins of. Drawings as instructed on page 6-2 incipiently dividing the apical region into finger-like processes, in... Diapophysis and parts of both astragali are poorly preserved to recover from the diapophysis teardrop-shaped. Of iliosacral block in dorsal view the parapophysis in lateral view Brea pits! The left, the plates are described as they are undeformed and appear to be small... Mid-Caudals in Kentrosaurus ( MB R.4800 ; [ 33 ]: Fig 50 [... A shallow groove most complete spine of the hip and the distal part of the diapophyses of cv10 are crushed. Reconstructed on both sides of the proximal end is flat and horizontally orientated to form a PCDL! Metatarsal, and epipophyses Table 4, and ligaments is D-shaped in cross-section, with reduced web of connects. These osteoderms is due to crushing is particularly pronounced on the medial condyle being transversely broadened ( Fig and! Cambridge ) translated Ouyang 1992, describing a deep fossa a non-gravid female the boundaries of the axis extend... Mp, medial, D, dorsal and ventral margin is anteriorly convex ( Fig 66A–66D contemporary to... 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